STEVEN SPERAY’S ERRONEOUS INTERPRETATION JOHN OF
ST. THOMAS REFUTED
Part I
Part I
The Sedevacantist apologist, Steve Speray, recently posted an
article on his website in which he argues that John of St. Thomas (JST) criticized St. Bellarmine for allegedly rejecting the need for warnings in the
case of papal heresy. For years, Mr.
Speray has been employing any and every tactic to avoid the fact that
Bellarmine clearly teaches that a heretical Pope must be avoided “after two
corrections/warnings” as St. Paul teaches concerning heretics. Mr. Speray located a snippet of John of St.
Thomas’ writings on the internet, which he thought supported his erroneous
interpretation of Bellarmine, and then used it in an attempt to defend his
position.
What he didn’t realize is that he not only took JST completely out
of context, but ended by interpreting him as meaning the exact opposite of what he actually says. In reality, JST affirms that Bellarmine requires
warnings in the case of a heretical Pope.
He then uses this teaching of Bellarmine (i.e., requiring two warnings) against
him by demonstrating that according to Bellarmine’s own reasoning the position
of Cajetan (which JST was defending) would have to be correct.
While Mr. Speray’s entire article is riddled with errors from
start to finish (which is surely no surprise for those familiar with his
writings), in Part I we will focus only on Mr. Speray’s assertion that JST
“criticizes Bellarmine for rejecting the need for two warnings.” In Part II, we will address Mr. Speray’s equally
absurd claim that “Bellarmine requires private
judgment”.
From Speray’s article:
“ What Siscoe doesn’t tell his readers is that
John of St. Thomas criticizes Bellarmine for rejecting the
need for two warnings. That’s right, the very person Siscoe (and Salza) uses as
the primary source against sedevacantists, supports sedevacantists on
Bellarmine. John of St. Thomas wrote: “Bellarmine objected that
the Apostle [St Paul] says that we must avoid the heretic after two
admonitions, that is to say, after he clearly appears pertinacious, before any
excommunication and sentence of a judge, as St. Jerome says in his commentary,
for heretics separate themselves by the heresy itself (per se) from the Body of
Christ.” … According to John of St. Thomas, Siscoe is wrong about Bellarmine.
As usual, Mr. Speray has it exactly backwards. When JST says, “Bellarmine objected that the Apostle says that a
heretic is to be avoided after two corrections,” he doesn’t mean
Bellarmine objects to the teaching “that
the Apostle says that a heretic is to be avoided after two corrections,” which is
what Mr. Speray thinks. Rather, he means Bellarmine objected to
the teaching of Cajetan (that JST had just presented)
by arguing “that the Apostle says that a heretic is to be avoided
after two corrections”. The teaching
that “the heretic is to be avoided after two warnings” is what Bellarmine
himself used in an attempt to refute Cajetan; it is not an argument that
Bellarmine “objected” to. This is the
problem with Sedevacantist apologists, such as Steve Speray, who seek to
interpret snippets found on the internet, while failing to understand the
context or the underlying theology (the
latter of which will be discussed in Part II).
Had Mr. Speray read the complete treatise of JST, the context would
have made it abundantly clear that he was not “criticizing Bellarmine of rejecting
the need for two warnings.” But even
without knowing the context, what JST meant should have been evident to anyone
familiar with Bellarmine’s refutation of
the Fourth Opinion (Cajetan’s opinion), which is what JST was quoting.
Here is Bellarmine’s argument against the Fourth Opinion, in his own
words, taken from De Romano Pontifice:
“Bellarmine, De Romano Pontifice: “The fourth opinion is that of Cajetan, for
whom the manifestly heretical Pope is not ipso facto deposed,
but can and must be deposed by the Church. To my judgment, this opinion
[of Cajetan] cannot be defended. For, in the first place [here comes
Bellarmine’s argument against Cajetan’s position], it is proven with
arguments from authority and from reason that the manifest heretic is ipso
facto deposed. The argument from authority is based on
St. Paul (Titus, c. 3), who orders that the heretic be avoided after two
warnings, that is, after showing himself to be manifestly obstinate — which
means before any excommunication or judicial sentence.”
As we can see, Bellarmine doesn’t object to the teaching that
a heretic must be avoided after two warnings. He objects to the
position of Cajetan by arguing
that a heretic must be avoided after two warnings.
What Bellarmine is essentially arguing is that the loss of papal
office happens, dispositively, by the
act of the Pope himself in remaining hardened in heresy in the face of
ecclesiastical warnings (the declaration of the crime merely being condition
for Christ to depose him formally),
and not due to any excommunication or juridical sentence. That is Bellarmine’s position. The position of Cajetan/JST is that it is not the act of the Pope, but rather the act of the Church herself declaring him vitandus (to be avoided) that produces the dispositive cause for
the loss of office (this will be explained at length in Part II).
In case there is still any doubt that JST was presenting
Bellarmine’s own position (as an objection
to that of Cajetan), here is the teaching of Bellarmine, followed by
JST’s presentation of Bellarmine’s teaching. I will also provide the
previous sentence of JST (which Mr. Speray obviously didn’t read) since it
clearly shows that he is presenting the objections of Bellarmine (and Suarez) against the teaching of Cajetan:
John of St. Thomas presenting Bellarmine’s
argument against Cajetan: “The
arguments of Bellarmine and Suarez against the foregoing opinions [of Cajetan]
are easily refuted. For Bellarmine objects [to the teaching of
Cajetan by arguing] that the Apostle says that a heretic is to be avoided
after two corrections, that is, after he manifestly appears to be pertinacious;
and that happens before any excommunication or judicial sentence…”
Bellarmine’s own argument against Cajetan’s
position: “[I]t is proven
with arguments from authority and from reason that the manifest heretic
is ipso facto deposed. The argument from authority is based on St.
Paul (Titus, c. 3), who orders that the heretic be avoided after two warnings,
that is, after showing himself to be manifestly obstinate — which means before
any excommunication or judicial sentence.”
As we can see, Mr. Speray has yet again “interpreted” an authority
as meaning the exact opposite of
what he actually says, which, given his track record, is not at all surprising. In light of this, we can now understand why
it is that “Siscoe doesn’t tell his readers
that John of St. Thomas criticizes Bellarmine for rejecting the
need for two warnings.” Indeed Siscoe
doesn’t, since JST did no such thing.
In
Part II, we will used Mr. Speray’s absurd claim that “Bellarmine requires private judgment” to explain the somewhat complicated
position of John of St. Thomas and Cajetan, which very few correctly understand.